Friday, November 26, 2010

Fedora (operating system)

Fedora (operating system)

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Fedora
Fedora Project logo.png
Fedora 14 GNOME.png
Fedora 14 (Laughlin)
Company / developer Fedora Project,
(sponsored by Red Hat, Inc.)
OS family Unix-like
Working state Current
Source model Free and open source software
Initial release 2003-11-16[1]
Latest stable release 14 (Laughlin) / November 2, 2010; 24 days ago (2010-11-02)
Latest unstable release 14 (Laughlin) / September 28, 2010; 59 days ago (2010-09-28)
Available language(s) Multilingual
Update method Yum (PackageKit)
Package manager RPM Package Manager
Supported platforms IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC
Kernel type Monolithic (Linux)
Userland GNU
Default user interface GNOME
License GNU GPL & Various others.
Official website www.fedoraproject.org
Fedora (pronounced /fəˈdɔrə/) is an RPM-based, general purpose collection of software including an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. The Fedora Project's mission is to lead the advancement of free and open source software and content as a collaborative community.[2]
One of Fedora's main objectives is not only to contain software distributed under a free and open source license, but also to be on the leading edge of such technologies.[3][4] Fedora developers prefer to make upstream changes instead of applying fixes specifically for Fedora—this ensures that their updates are available to all Linux distributions.[5]
Fedora has a comparatively short life cycle: version X is maintained until one month after version X+2 is released. With 6 months between releases, the maintenance period is a very short 13 months for each version.[6] This can lead to trouble should one wish to use a particular version of Fedora for product development (i.e., embedded systems) where long term support is more important than maintaining leading edge revisions of software.
In 2008, Linus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, stated that he used Fedora because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor architecture which he favored at the time.[7]
According to DistroWatch, Fedora is the second most popular Linux-based operating system as of October 2010, behind Ubuntu.[8]

Contents

[hide]

[edit] History

The Fedora Project was created in late 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued.[9] Red Hat Enterprise Linux was to be Red Hat's only officially supported Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community distribution.[9] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.[10]
The name of Fedora derives from Fedora Linux, a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. Fedora Linux was begun in 2002 by Warren Togami as an undergraduate project, intended to provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would be easier to find, develop, and use. The key difference between the approaches of Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community.[11] Fedora Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach.[12] Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat, and although this had previously been disputed by the creators of the unrelated Fedora repository management software, the issue has now been resolved.[13]
The Fedora Project is governed by a board whose majority is elected by the Fedora community.[14]

[edit] Features

[edit] Distribution

PackageKit, the default package manager front-end on Fedora
The Fedora Project distributes Fedora in several different ways:[15]
  • Fedora DVD/CD set – a DVD or CD set of all major Fedora packages at time of shipping;
  • Live images – CD or DVD sized images that can be used to create a Live CD or boot from a USB flash drive and optionally install to a hard disk;
  • Minimal CD – used for installing over HTTP, FTP or NFS.[16]
The Fedora Project also distributes custom variations of Fedora which are called Fedora spins.[17] These are built from a specific set of software packages and have a combination of software to meet the requirements of a specific kind of end user. Fedora spins are developed by several Fedora special interest groups.[18] It is also possible to create Live USB versions of Fedora using Fedora Live USB creator, UNetbootin or dd.
Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) is a volunteer-based community effort from the Fedora project to create a repository of high-quality add-on packages that complement the Fedora-based Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its compatible spinoffs such as CentOS or Scientific Linux.[19]
Software package management is primarily handled by the yum utility.[20] Graphical interfaces, such as pirut and pup are provided, as well as puplet, which provides visual notifications in the panel when updates are available.[20] apt-rpm is an alternative to yum, and may be more familiar to people used to Debian or Debian-based distributions, where Advanced Packaging Tool is used to manage packages.[21] Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that packages not available in Fedora can be installed.[22]

[edit] Software repositories

Before Fedora 7, there were two main repositories – Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that was included from Fedora Core 3, was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs. Since Fedora 7, the Core and Extras repositories have been merged, hence the distribution dropping Core from its name.[23] That also allowed for community submissions of packages that were formerly allowed only by Red Hat developers.
Also prior to Fedora 7 being released, there was a third repository called Fedora Legacy. This repository was community-maintained and was mainly concerned with extending the life cycle of older Fedora Core distributions and selected Red Hat Linux releases that were no longer officially maintained.[24] Fedora Legacy was shut down in December 2006.[25]
Third party repositories exist that distribute more packages that are not included in Fedora either because it does not meet Fedora's definition of free software or because distribution of that software may violate US law. The primary third party repository and the only fully compatible ones are RPM Fusion and Livna. RPM Fusion is a joint effort by many third party repository maintainers. Livna is still maintained separately as an extension of RPM Fusion for legal reasons and only hosts the libdvdcss package for encrypted DVD playback support.

[edit] Security features

Security is one of the most important features in Fedora. One of the security features in Fedora is Security-Enhanced Linux, a Linux feature that implements a variety of security policies, including mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. Fedora is one of the distributions leading the way with SELinux.[26] SELinux was introduced in Fedora Core 2. It was disabled by default, as it radically altered how the operating system worked, but was enabled SPARC.[clarification needed]

[edit] Releases

[edit] Fedora Core 1–4

Fedora Core 1
Fedora Core 4 using GNOME and the Bluecurve theme
Fedora Core 1 was the first version of Fedora and was released on November 6, 2003.[1] It was codenamed Yarrow. Fedora Core 1 was based on Red Hat Linux 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the GNOME desktop environment, and K Desktop Environment 3.1.[27]
Fedora Core 2 was released on May 18, 2004, codenamed Tettnang.[28] It shipped with Linux 2.6, GNOME 2.6, KDE 3.2, and SELinux[28] (SELinux was disabled by default due to concerns that it radically altered the way that Fedora Core ran).[29] XFree86 was replaced by the newer X.org, a merger of the previous official X11R6 release, which additionally included a number of updates to Xrender, Xft, Xcursor, fontconfig libraries, and other significant improvements.[29]
Fedora Core 3 was released on November 8, 2004, codenamed Heidelberg.[30] This was the first release of Fedora Core to include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, as well as support for the Indic languages.[30] This release also saw the LILO boot loader deprecated in favour of GRUB.[30] SELinux was also enabled by default, but with a new targeted policy, which was less strict than the policy used in Fedora Core 2.[30] Fedora Core 3 shipped with GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3.[30] It was the first release to include the new Fedora Extras repository.[31]
Fedora Core 4 was released on June 13, 2005, with the codename Stentz.[32] It shipped with Linux 2.6.11,[32] KDE 3.4 and GNOME 2.10.[33] This version introduced the new Clearlooks theme, which was inspired by the Red Hat Bluecurve theme.[33] It also shipped with the OpenOffice.org 2.0 office suite, as well as Xen, a high performance and secure open source virtualization framework.[33] It also introduced support for the PowerPC CPU architecture, and over 80 new policies for SELinux.[33]

[edit] Fedora Core 5–6

Fedora Core 6 with the DNA theme
The last two Core releases introduced specific artwork that defined them. This is a trend that has continued in later Fedora versions.
Fedora Core 5 was released on March 20, 2006, with the codename Bordeaux, and introduced the Fedora Bubbles artwork.[34] It was the first Fedora release to include Mono and tools built with it such as Beagle, F-Spot and Tomboy.[34] It also introduced new package management tools such as pup and pirut (see Yellowdog Updater, Modified). It also was the first Fedora release not to include the long deprecated (but kept for compatibility) LinuxThreads, replaced by the Native POSIX Thread Library.[35]
Fedora Core 6 was released on October 24, 2006, codenamed Zod.[36] This release introduced the Fedora DNA artwork, replacing the Fedora Bubbles artwork used in Fedora Core 5.[37] The codename is derived from the infamous villain, General Zod, from the Superman DC Comic Books.[38] This version introduced support for the Compiz compositing window manager and AIGLX (a technology that enables GL-accelerated effects on a standard desktop).[37] It shipped with Firefox 1.5 as the default web browser, and Smolt, a tool that allows users to inform developers about the hardware they use.

[edit] Fedora 7

Fedora 7 with the Flying High theme
Fedora 7, codenamed Moonshine, was released on May 31, 2007.[39] The biggest difference between Fedora Core 6 and Fedora 7 was the merging of the Red Hat "Core" and Community "Extras" repositories,[39] and the new build system put in place to manage those packages. This release used entirely new build and compose tools that enabled the user to create fully-customized Fedora distributions that could also include packages from any third party provider.[39]
There were three official spins available for Fedora 7:[40]
  • Live – two Live CDs (one for GNOME and one for KDE);
  • Fedora – a DVD that includes all the major packages available at shipping;
  • Everything – simply an installation tree for use by yum and Internet installations.
Fedora 7 featured GNOME 2.18 and KDE 3.5, a new theme entitled Flying High, OpenOffice.org 2.2 and Firefox 2.0.[40] Fast user switching was fully integrated and enabled by default.[40] Also, there were a number of updates to SELinux, including a new setroubleshoot tool for debugging SELinux security notifications, and a new, comprehensive system-config-selinux tool for fine-tuning the SELinux setup.[40]

[edit] Fedora 8

Fedora 8 with the Infinity theme
Fedora 8, codenamed Werewolf, was released on November 8, 2007.[41]
Some of the new features and updates in Fedora 8 included:[42]
  • PulseAudio – a sound daemon that allows different applications to control the audio. Fedora was the first distribution to enable it by default.[42]
  • system-config-firewall – a new firewall configuration tool that replaces system-config-securitylevel from previous releases.
  • Codeina – a tool that guides users using content under proprietary or patent-encumbered formats to purchase codecs from fluendo; it is an optional component that may be uninstalled in favor of GStreamer codec plug-ins from Livna which are free of charge.
  • IcedTea – a project that attempts to bring OpenJDK to Fedora by replacing encumbered code.
  • NetworkManager – faster, more reliable connections;[42] better security (through the use of the keyring); clearer display of wireless networks; better D-Bus integration.
  • Better laptop support – enhancements to the kernel to reduce battery load, disabling of background cron jobs when running on the battery, and additional wireless drivers.
Fedora 8 also included a new desktop artwork entitled Infinity, and a new desktop theme called Nodoka. A unique feature of Infinity is that the wallpaper can change during the day to reflect the time of day.[42]
In February 2008, a new Xfce Live CD "spin" was announced for the x86 and x86-64 architectures.[43] This Live CD version uses the Xfce desktop environment, which aims to be fast and lightweight, while still being visually appealing and easy to use. Like the GNOME and KDE spins, the Xfce spin can be installed to the hard disk.[43]

[edit] Fedora 9

Fedora 9 with the Waves theme
Fedora 9, codenamed Sulphur, was released on May 13, 2008.[44]
Some of the new features of Fedora 9 included:[45]
  • PackageKit is included as a front-end to yum, and as the default package manager.
  • One Second X allows the X Window System to perform a cold start from the command line in nearly one second; similarly, shutdown of X should be as quick.[47]
  • Upstart introduced
  • Many improvements to the Anaconda installer;[48] among these features, it now supports resizing ext2, ext3 and NTFS file systems, and can create and install Fedora to encrypted file systems.
  • Firefox 3.0 beta 5 is included in this release, and the 3.0 package was released as an update the same day as the general release.
  • Perl 5.10, which features a smaller memory footprint and other improvements.
  • Data Persistence in USB images.[49]
Fedora 9 featured a new artwork entitled Waves which, like Infinity in Fedora 8, changes the wallpaper to reflect the time of day.

[edit] Fedora 10

Fedora 10 with the Solar theme
Fedora 10, codenamed Cambridge, was released on November 25, 2008.[50] It flaunts the new Solar artwork. Its features include:[51]
  • Faster startup using Plymouth (instead of Red Hat Graphical Boot used in previous versions)
  • Support for ext4 filesystem
  • Sugar Desktop Environment
  • LXDE Desktop Environment (LXDE Spin)
  • GNOME 2.24
  • KDE 4.1 (KDE Spin)
  • OpenOffice.org 3.0

[edit] Fedora 11

Fedora 11 with the bird theme
Fedora 11, codenamed Leonidas, was released on June 9, 2009.[52] This was the first release whose artwork is determined by the name instead of by users voting on themes.
Some of the features in Fedora 11 are:

[edit] Fedora 12

Fedora 12
Fedora 12, codenamed Constantine, was released on November 17, 2009.[56]
Some of the features in Fedora 12 are:
  • Optimized performance. All software packages on 32-bit (x86_32) architecture have been compiled for i686 systems
  • Improved WebCam support (Cheese)
  • Better video codec with a newer version of Ogg Theora
  • Audio improvements
  • Automatic bug reporting tool (abrt)
  • Bluetooth on demand
  • Enhanced NetworkManager to manage broadband
  • Many virtualization enhancements (KVM, libvirt, libguestfs)
  • ext4 used even for the boot partition
  • Moblin interface
  • Yum-presto plugin providing Delta RPMs for updates by default
  • New compression algorithm (XZ, the new LZMA format) in RPM packages for smaller and faster updates
  • Experimental 3D support for ATI R600/R700 cards
  • GCC 4.4
  • SystemTap 1.0 with Eclipse integration
  • GNOME 2.28
  • GNOME Shell preview
  • KDE 4.3, KDE 4.4 was pushed to updates repository on 27 February 2010[57][58] (KDE Spin)
  • 2.6.31 Linux kernel, Kernel 2.6.32 was pushed to updates repository on 27 February 2010[57]
  • X server 1.7 with Multi-Pointer X (MPX) support
  • NetBeans 6.7
  • PHP 5.3
  • Rakudo Perl (Perl 6)

[edit] Fedora 13

Fedora 13
Fedora 13, codenamed Goddard, was released on May 25, 2010.[59] During early development, Fedora project-leader Paul Frields anticipated "looking at the fit and finish issues. We have tended to build a really tight ship with Fedora, but now we want to make the décor in the cabins a little more sumptuous and to polish the deck chairs and railings."[60]
Features of Fedora 13 include:[61][62]
  • Automatic printer-driver installation
  • Automatic language pack installation
  • Redesigned user-account tool
  • Color management to calibrate monitors and scanners
  • Experimental 3D support for NVIDIA video cards
  • A new way to install Fedora over the Internet
  • SSSD authentication for users
  • Updates to NFS
  • Inclusion of Zarafa Open Source edition
  • System rollback for the Btrfs file system
  • Better SystemTap probes
  • Support for the entire Java EE 6 spec in Netbeans 6.8
  • KDE PulseAudio Integration
  • New command-line interface for NetworkManager

[edit] Fedora 14

Fedora 14
Fedora 14, codenamed Laughlin, was released on November 2, 2010.[63]
Features of Fedora 14 include:[64][65]

[edit] Version history

Color Meaning
Red Release no longer supported[66]
Green Release still supported
Blue Future release
Project Name Version Code name Release date Kernel version
Fedora Core 1 Yarrow 2003–11–05 2.4.19
2 Tettnang 2004–05–18 2.6.5
3 Heidelberg 2004–11–08 2.6.9
4 Stentz 2005–06–13 2.6.11
5 Bordeaux 2006–03–20 2.6.15
6 Zod 2006–10–24 2.6.18
Fedora 7 Moonshine 2007–05–31 2.6.21
8 Werewolf 2007–11–08 2.6.23
9 Sulphur 2008–05–13 2.6.25
10 Cambridge 2008–11–25 2.6.27
11 Leonidas 2009–06–09[67] 2.6.29
12 Constantine 2009–11–17[68] 2.6.31
13 Goddard 2010–05–25[69] 2.6.33
14 Laughlin 2010–11-02[70] 2.6.35[71]
15 Lovelock 2011–05-10[72] ---


[edit] Fedora gallery

Gnome Desktop `default UI' screen-shots
Fedora Core 1
Fedora Core 2
Fedora Core 3
Fedora Core 4
Fedora Core 5
Fedora Core 6
Fedora 7
Fedora 8
Fedora 9
Fedora 10
Fedora 11
Fedora 12
Fedora 13
Fedora 14

[edit] Derivatives

Source: DistroWatch list of Fedora derived Linux distributions
Source: Fedora WIKI list of derived distributions.
  • Active Fedora Derivative Linux Distributions:
    • Berry Linux – a medium-sized Fedora based distribution that provides support for Japanese and English.
    • Ekaaty – from Brazil.
    • Fusion Linux - Fedora Remix oriented more for Desktop users and usability, uses Linux Mint as model
    • MythDora – based around MythTV's media center capabilities.
    • Ojuba Linux - an Arabic Linux distribution.
    • Omega - Rahul Sundaram, Red Hat's Community Engineer, has created a Fedora remix with full multimedia support including MP3 and DVD playback support by adding software from RPM Fusion and Livna software repositories by default.[73]
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux – enterprise Linux offering from Red Hat, which branches from the current Fedora baseline.
    • Russian Fedora Remix - version of Fedora, adapted for Russia. Contains proprietary drivers and software.
    • Xange – (formerly Simplis and Vixta) is an easy-to-use, Fedora-based desktop Linux distribution featuring the KDE desktop.
    • Moblin – a distribution mainly for MIDs, netbooks and embedded devices.
  • Not active (no release for over 12 months):
    • ASPLinux – a Russian Fedora based distribution. ASPLinux also includes closed source NVIDIA and ATI drivers, and supports proprietary audio and video codecs.[74]
    • Aurora SPARC Linux – for the SPARC platform.
    • BLAG Linux and GNU – a stripped down 1-CD Fedora with Debian's APT system.
    • Eeedora[75] – for the Asus Eee PC, started in 2007[76]
    • Fox Linux – made in Italy, designed for basic home computing tasks such as browsing the Web, writing and printing documents, using multimedia and burning discs.
    • Linpus - made by Taiwanese company Linpus Technologies for the Asian market.
    • Linux XP – a commercial Linux distribution aimed at replacing Windows XP as a home-use desktop operating system.
    • Nusantara – a Linux distribution supported by the Indonesian ministry of technology as a desktop operating system.[77]
    • Open Discovery: An integrated High Performance Bioinformatics Linux Platform http://opendiscovery.org.in
    • Yellow Dog Linux – for the PowerPC platform.

[edit] Security intrusion

In August 2008 several Fedora servers were compromised. Upon investigation it was found that one of the compromised servers was used for signing Fedora update packages. The Fedora Project stated that the attacker(s) did not get the package signing key which could be used to introduce malicious software onto Fedora users' systems through the update process. Project administrators performed checks on the software and did not find anything to suggest that a Trojan horse had been introduced into the software. As a precaution the Project converted to new package signing keys.[78][79]
Fedora published the full details on 30 March 2009.[80]

[edit] See also

Portal-puzzle.svg Free software portal

[edit] References

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